Scholarly Responses to Political and Religious Challenges: A Comparative Study of Islamic Scholars during the Invasions of Ghazan Khan and Amir Timur

Thanachot Prahyadsap

doi:10.58355/lectures.v4i1.138

Authors

Thanachot Prahyadsap Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58355/lectures.v4i1.138

Keywords:

Islamic Scholars, Ghazan Khan, Amir Timur, Mongol Invasions

Abstract

This study aims to examine the responses of Islamic scholars during the invasions of Ghazan Khan in the 13th century and Amir Timur in the 15th century, focusing on how they navigated the political and religious challenges posed by these rulers. Using a comparative analytical approach, the research explores the reactions of scholars who collaborated with the Mongols, such as Qadi Ibrahim bin Ali, alongside those who opposed them, like Ibn Taymiyyah. The study also investigates responses during the Timurid invasions, focusing on scholars like Qadi Abdul Jabbar and Muhammad al-Hardi. The findings reveal that Islamic scholars displayed a range of responses, from collaboration to resistance, influenced by both political and religious factors. The research highlights the complex relationship between governance, religion, and survival during periods of conquest. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of scholars in shaping religious discourse amid political and religious upheaval.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din. (n.d.). Dhail Tarikh. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.

_________. (1985). Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'. Edited by Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.

_________. (1997). Al-Tarikh Al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.

Al-Barzali, Abu al-Qasim. (1972). Al-Wafayat: Biographical Encyclopedia of the Scholars of Damascus. Beirut.

Al-Majmu' al-Fiqhi al-Islami (Islamic Jurisprudence Compendium). Edited by Muhammad al-Munir. (2000). Cairo: Al-Maktaba al-Islamiyya.

Al-Sakhawi, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman. (1966). Al-Daw' al-Lami'. Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat.

Al-Safadi, Shams al-Din. (1993). Al-Wafi bil-Wafayat . Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.

Al-Nu’aymi, Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Nu’aymi. (1990). Al-Daris fi Tarikh al-Madaris. Edited by Ibrahim Shams al-Din. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.

Atabaki, T. (1993). The History of the Ottoman Empire in the Age of Timur. The University Press.

______. (1993). Timur’s Islamic Legitimation and Campaign Against the Ottoman Empire. Central Asian Studies Review, 14(1), 75-88.

Biran, Michal. (2005). Timur’s Use of Islam: Political Legitimacy and Patronage of Islamic Scholarship." Journal of Islamic Studies, 16(3), 298-320.

________. (2005). The Empire of the Great Timur: The Making of Tamerlane’s Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.

Deny, P. (2000). The Timurid Renaissance. Cambridge University Press.

Deny, Jean. (2000). Timur and Islam: Conquest and Patronage. Paris: Éditions du C.N.R.S.

Dawadari, Ibn. (2001). Kanz al-Durar. Cairo: Al-Azhar Press.

Hamedani, Muhammad. (1994). The Ilkhanate and Islam: Ghazan Khan's Conversion and Policies. Tehran: Institute of Iranian Studies.

Jackson, P. (2006). Timur and the Mongol Empire. Oxford University Press.

_______. (2006). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. London: Routledge.

Ibn al-Asir, Ali. (2004). Jami al-Tawarikh: A History of the World. Edited by Muhammad A. Qureshi. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

Ibn Arabshah, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. (1882). Aja'ib al-Maqdur fi Akhbar Taymur. Edited by Kabir al-Din Ahmad. Calcutta: Urdu-i Ga'id.

Ibn Hajar, al-Hafiz Shihab al-Din Abu al-Fadl Ahmad ibn Ali al-Asqalani. (1971). Lisan al-Mizan. Cairo: Dar al-Fikr.

________. (1986). Inba' al-Ghumr bi-Abnā' al-‘Umr. Edited by Muhammad Abd al-Ma'id Khan. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.

Ibn Khaldun. (2010). Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ibn Qadi Shuhba, Taqi al-Din Abu Bakr ibn Ahmad al-Asadi al-Dimashqi. (1997). Tarikh Ibn Qadi Shuhba. Edited by Adnan Darwish. Damascus: Institut Français du Proche-Orient.

Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Abdul-Halim al-Harrani. (1998). Majmu' al-Fatawa. Edited by Amer al-Jazzar and Anwar al-Baz. Riyadh: Al-Obeikan Library.

Ibn Taghribirdi, Jalal al-Din. (1992). Al-Manhal al-Safi (Vol. 6). Cairo: Maktabat al-Ma'arif.

Ibn al-Asir, Ali. (2004). Jami al-Tawarikh: A History of the World. Edited by Muhammad A. Qureshi. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

Rachewiltz, I. (1993). The Khwarezmian Empire and its Conqueror Timur. Harvard University Press.

________. (1993). The Mongols in Central Asia: Timur's Legacy. London: Curzon Press.

Rashid al-Din. (1999). History of the Mongols. Translated by A. G. J. Keay. London: Routledge.

Sarai, Mahmud. (2011). The Social and Religious Reforms of Ghazan Khan. New York: Columbia University Press.

Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1991). "The Conquests of Timur and Their Effects on Persia. Iranian Studies Journal, 24(2), 45-60.

Van den Bent, Josephine. (2016). "None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya": The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn's Works. Al-Masāq, 28(2), 171–186.

Whelan, Thomas. (2007). Intellectual Responses to the Mongol Invasions in the Middle East. Middle Eastern Studies Review, 34(1), 47-68.

Wassaf, Muhammad. (1959). The History of the Mongols: The Ilkhanate and the Reign of Ghazan Khan. London: Oxford University Press.